The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of low temperature and saline environment on the fatigue crack growth behavior of the AA7050-T7451 Al alloy and the recently developed AA2050-T Al-Cu-Li alloy. Fatigue at room and low temperature and corrosion-fatigue tests were carried out using an applied stress ratio (R) of 0.1, 15 Hz frequency (air at RT and –54 °C) and 1 Hz frequency (seawater fog) using a sinusoidal wave form. In the near-threshold region, in air and at RT it was found a ΔKth = 2.9 MPa.m1/2 for AA2050-T84, in saline environment this value increased to ΔKth = 4.9 MPa.m1/2, due to closure effect through wedge effect by the corrosion products. At the beginning of the Paris-Erdogan region, the crack closure effect was not present for the AA7050-T7451, but persisted for the AA2050 Al-li alloy. It was observed that both alloys were equally affected by temperature reduction. When the saline environment is considered it was observed that the AA7050-T7451 presents lower m value (2.6) than the one for AA2050-T84 (3.4), meaning a lower FCG rate variation with ΔK, however it presented the highest C value, as a consequence the worst FCG behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of using birth attendants instead of bereaved mothers as perinatal verbal autopsy respondents. METHODS: Verbal autopsy interviews for early neonatal deaths and stillbirths were conducted separately among mothers (reference standard) and birth attendants in 38 communities in four developing countries. Concordance between maternal and attendant responses was calculated for all questions, for categories of questions and for individual questions. The sensitivity and specificity of individual questions with the birth attendant as respondent were assessed. FINDINGS: For early neonatal deaths, concordance across all questions was 94%. Concordance was at least 95% for more than half the questions on maternal medical history, birth attendance and neonate characteristics. Concordance on any given question was never less than 80%. Sensitivity and specificity varied across individual questions, more than 80% of which had a sensitivity of at least 80% and a specificity of at least 90%. For stillbirths, concordance across all questions was 93%. Concordance was 95% or greater more than half the time for questions on birth attendance, site of delivery and stillborn characteristics. Sensitivity and specificity varied across individual questions. Over 60% of the questions had a sensitivity of at least 80% and over 80% of them had a specificity of at least 90%. Overall, the causes of death established through verbal autopsy were similar, regardless of respondent. CONCLUSION: Birth attendants can substitute for bereaved mothers as verbal autopsy respondents. The questions in existing harmonized verbal autopsy questionnaires need further refinement, as their sensitivity and specificity differ widely.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la viabilidad de utilizar matronas como encuestadas en autopsias verbales perinatales en lugar de madres que han perdido un hijo/a. MÉTODOS: Las entrevistas para las autopsias verbales de muertes neonatales prematuras y alumbramientos mortinatos se realizaron por separado entre madres (estándar de referencia) y matronas en 38 comunidades de cuatro países en desarrollo. Se calculó la concordancia entre las respuestas maternas y las respuestas de las matronas para todas las preguntas, tanto para las categorías de preguntas como para las preguntas individuales. Se evaluaron la sensibilidad y especificidad de las preguntas individuales con la matrona como encuestada. RESULTADOS: En las muertes neonatales prematuras, la concordancia en todas las preguntas fue del 94%. La concordancia fue de al menos el 95% para más de la mitad de las preguntas sobre el historial médico materno, atención en el parto y características neonatales. La concordancia de cualquier pregunta determinada no fue en ningún caso inferior al 80%. La sensibilidad y la especificidad variaron en las preguntas individuales. En este caso, más del 80% de las preguntas presentaron una sensibilidad de al menos el 80% y una especificidad de al menos el 90%. En cuanto a los alumbramientos mortinatos, la concordancia en todas las preguntas fue del 93%. La concordancia fue del 95% o más durante más de la mitad del tiempo para preguntas relacionadas con la atención en el parto, el centro de parto y las características de la mortinatalidad. La sensibilidad y especificidad variaron en las preguntas individuales. Más del 60% de las preguntas presentaron una sensibilidad de al menos el 80%. En este caso, más del 80% de las preguntas presentaron una especificidad de al menos el 90%. Globalmente, las causas de muerte establecidas mediante autopsia verbal fueron similares, independientemente de la persona encuestada. CONCLUSIÓN: Las matronas pueden sustituir a las madres que han perdido un hijo/a como encuestadas en autopsias verbales. Es necesario perfeccionar las preguntas de los cuestionarios de autopsia verbal armonizados existentes, ya que su sensibilidad y especificidad difieren ampliamente.

OBJECTIF: Évaluer la faisabilité du recours aux sages-femmes (au lieu des mères endeuillées) pour répondre aux questions de l'autopsie verbale périnatale. MÉTHODES: Des entretiens d'autopsie verbale en cas de décès néonataux précoces et de mort à la naissance ont été menés séparément chez des mères (norme de référence) et chez des sages-femmes dans 38 communautés de 4 pays en voie de développement. La concordance entre les réponses des mères et des sages-femmes a été calculée pour l'ensemble des questions, pour les catégories de questions et pour les questions individuelles. On a évalué la sensibilité et la spécificité des questions individuelles aux sages-femmes en tant que personnes interrogées. RÉSULTATS: Pour les décès néonataux précoces, la concordance sur toutes les questions a atteint 94%. Elle était d'au moins 95% pour plus de la moitié des questions sur les antécédents médicaux maternels, l'accouchement et les caractéristiques du nouveau-né. La concordance sur une question donnée n'a jamais été inférieure à 80%. La sensibilité et la spécificité variaient selon les questions individuelles, et 80% d'entre elles présentaient une sensibilité d'au moins 80% et une spécificité d'au moins 90%. Pour les enfants morts-nés, la concordance sur l'ensemble des questions était de 93%. Elle était supérieure ou égale à 95%, plus de la moitié du temps, pour les questions sur l'accouchement, le lieu de la naissance et les caractéristiques de l'enfant mort-né. La sensibilité et la spécificité variaient selon les questions individuelles. Plus de 60% des questions présentaient une sensibilité d'au moins 80%, et plus de 80% d'entre elles une spécificité d'au moins 90%. Dans l'ensemble, les causes de la mort établies par autopsie verbale étaient similaires, quelle que soit la personne interrogée. CONCLUSION: Les sages-femmes peuvent replacer les mères endeuillées et répondre aux questions de l'autopsie verbale. Les questions des questionnaires d'autopsie verbale harmonisés existants nécessitent une amélioration supplémentaire, car généralement, leur sensibilité et leur spécificité diffèrent grandement.

Procurou-se verificar se a medida física "densidade aparente" poderia ser utilizada como parâmetro capaz de analizar a composição química bromatológica dos farelos de algodão 40% (FA), de soja (FS) e de arroz cru (FAr), provenientes de diversas regiões do país. Os tratamentos consistiram na adição das respectivas cascas de farelo aos níveis de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 100, simulando fraudes em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As análises foram efetuadas no laboratório da Purina Nutrimentos Ltda, em Paulínea. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição crescente da casca sobre os valores de densidade, e desta sobre a composição em umidade (U), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (FB) e matéria mineral (MM). As amostras foram analisadas separadamente, pois apresentaram efeito de origem (P? 0,05) sobre a densidade de FA e FS, mas tendência positiva sobre a densidade do FAr. Verificou-se correlação alta da densidade com PB e FB de FS e FA (R² ? 80 a 70%, respectivamente). Com as demais determinações para o FAr não houve correlação sinificativa. Exceto para FAr, a medida da densidade, de determinação rápida, fácil e barata; permite avaliação prévia do nível proteico e de adição de cascas nos dois suplementos protéicos mais utilizados no país.

The purpose of this experiment was to verify if feed "bulk density" would be a good indication of chemical components of feeds such as 40% crude protein cotton (C) and soybean (S) meals and rice bran (RB). The bromatological analysis as carried out at the central laboratory of Purina Nutrimentos Ltda., located at in Paulinia, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Samples of feed came from different locations of the country. Increasing proportions - zero, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100% - of hulls were added to C, S and RB, as treatments, in a randomised experimental design. The addition of hulls influenced significantly (P < 0,05) the bulk density , in a negative way for C and S, and in a positive way for RB. Bulk density was correlated to crude protein and fiber for C and S (R² > 70 and 80% respectively), but there was no correlation to any component of RB. Bulk density could also indicate fraudulence due to the addition of hulls to meals.

Estudou-se o valor nutritivo do farelo de coco de prensagem através da análise química bromatológica convencional e da digestibilidade dos nutrientes. 0 teste de digestibilidade foi conduzido com três pares de carneiros, machos, castrados, adultos, com peso vivo médio de 37,97kg, sob delineamento em quadrado latino equilibrado, rotacionado. 0 farelo foi testado em associação com feno de capim de Rhodes, constituindo três rações testes: 1-) com 100 porcento do feno; 2ª) com 85 porcento do feno e 15 porcento do farelo e 3ª) com 70 porcento do feno e 30 porcento do farelo, ou seja, respectivamente tratamento A, B e C. Expresso em Nutrientes Digestíveis Totais (NDT), o valor nutritivo do farelo foi de 70,48%. Destacou-se o teor relativamente elevado de extrato-etéreo (EE), igual a 11%, e sua digestibilidade, de 83,5%, enquanto que o teor de proteína foi de apenas 23,9%, com digestibilidade de 73,4%. Como suplemento proteico, o produto foi considerado de valor médio quanto à proteína, de valor alto quanto à energia, e sem restrições de uso até ao nível de 30 porcento da ração total, conforme os resultados obtidos pelo experimento com carneiros.

The nutritive value of coconut cake meal was studied through a digestibility trial, in a rotative equilibrated latin square design, with adult wothers. The digestibility of the conventional nutrients was taken out by association with Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana - Kunth.). Three levels of cake plus hay were tested: zero percent (treatment A), 15% (treatment B) and 30% (treatment C). Treatment C was the higher in fat (about 6%) and its coefficient of digestibility was also the highest for fat, probably due to the good quality of the cake oil. The average TDN of the coconut cake, calculated from association with the hay, was 71,06%. It was concluded that the cake is also a good source of energy, since the level of protein is around 22%.

Procurou-se verificar se a digestão de alimento em saco de "nylon", acrescida por tratamento com pepsina, seria equivalente à digestão obtida pelo método direto clássico, o de coleta total de fezes, já determinado anteriormente com ovinos. Seguiu-se um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições e 4 tratamentos, ou seja, tratamento A: ração contendo 100% de feno de capim de Rhodes; B: 85% de feno de Rhodes mais 15% de farelo de côco; C: 70% de feno de Rhodes mais 30% de farelo de côco; e D: 100% de farelo de côco. O animal fistulado utilizado para teste foi um bovino adulto, macho, de raça holandesa; o tempo de permanência do saco de "nylon" no rume foi de 72 horas; e a dieta consistiu em feno de Rhodes à vontade mais 2kg de farelo de coco por dia. Os resultados foram analisados através de análise da variância e curvas de regressão, e a comparação entre métodos de digestibilidade pelo teste de Tukey. Houve influência da associação de alimentos sobre a digestibilidade da fibra bruta (FB) e dos extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN), mas não sobre as demais frações - matéria seca (MS), extrato etéreo (EE) e proteína bruta (PB). A digestibilidade da fibra diminuiu com a inclusão e o acúmulo do nível de farelo na dieta. Não houve equivalência consistente entre os métodos testados de digestiblidade, variando ou não conforme o nutriente e o tratamento considerado. De modo geral, a inclusão de aproximadamente 15% de farelo de côco (tratamento B) favoreceu o melhor aproveitamento da dieta.

"Nylon bag" technique, followed by 48 hours of chloridric pepsin digestion, was tried for determination of the digestibility of proximate nutrients of Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana, Kunth, cv. callide) and coconut caque meal, and compared with results from "in vivo" method. In a randomized blocks design, 100% of Rhodes grass, and mixtures of 85% and 70% of the grass hay with 15%, and 30% of coconut cake, and 100% coconut cake, made up four treatments (A, B, C and D, respectively). The coefficients of digestibility for Dry Matter and for proximate nutrients in treatments A, B and C, determined through nylon bags in bovine rumen, were compared to the coefficients determined by total faces collection, in sheep. It was observed and concluded that: a) Position of samples along the supoort-bars inside rumen, as well as dfferent periods of animal usage, had no influence on the results; b) The calculated proportions of coconut in the mixture to obtain best digestibility were 17.48% for Dry Matter, 21.10% for Ether Extract, 29.01% for Crude Protein, and 16.49% for Non Nitrogenous Extrat. Crude Fiber digestibility decreased linearly as the coconut proportion in the mixture increased; c) "Nylon bag" and "in vivo" methods gave similar coefficients of digestibility for Crude Fiber for all treatments; for other nutrients, however, there were differences depending on treatments; d) TDN values for coconut cake meal, determined through "nylon bags" were 68.76% taking the average coefficients of digestibility from treatments B and C, and 68.08% from treatment D; "in vivo", the average from B and gave 71.06% of TDN; such a small difference in NDT suggests to have had no interference of foods on digestibility; e) NDT calculate for Rhodes grass hay was 58.38% "in nylon bags", and 44.81% "in vivo", when treatment A was the only one considered; thus, it could be concluded that nylon bag plus pepsin method did not work for Rhodes hay.